師大寫作基礎班筆記Week1
主課程
在英文當中主要有四種句子,分別是:
- Simple sentence 簡單句
- Compound sentence 複合句
- Complex sentence 複雜句
- Compound-complex sentence 複合複雜句
Simple sentence 簡單句
定義:只有一個獨立子句
公式:S+V
範例:
- I love you.
- How old are you?
- He speaks English fluently.
Compound sentence 複合句
定義:兩個(或以上個)獨立子句,可以透過使用對等連接詞、連接性副詞以及分號連接。
對等連接詞Coordinators
分別是For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (口訣:Fanboys),對等連接詞之前需要加上逗號。
公式:S + V, 對等連接詞 S + V.
範例:
- Russia is the largest country in the world, yet it has relatively small population.
- My dream is to become a professional basketball player, so I practice every day.
- I am bad at math, nor do I good at History.
連接性副詞Conjunctive Adverbs
連接性副詞種類眾多,如however, otherwise, therefore等,常用的副詞可以參考這裡,句子構成為第一個獨立子句後接分號或句號,接著是連接性副詞後接逗號,最後再接第二個獨立子句。
公式:S + V; 連接性副詞, S + V.
範例:
- My japanese is improving; for example, I can watch Japanese animations without subtitles.
- It is very cold outside; still, people go out to see the snow.
- Many users are reporting screen quality issues on the new iPhone; still, the first batch of the iPhone has already sold out.
分號Semicolons
兩個獨立子句之間透過分號連接,彼此之間的因果關係須明確。
公式:S + V; S + V.
範例:
- I am going to Japan this weekend; I heard that it is one of the most beautiful country in the world.
- I want to study in the USA; I am working hard every day;
Complex sentence 複雜句
定義:一個獨立子句搭配一個或以上個附屬子句,附屬子句當中包含附屬連接詞(Subordinating Conjunctions)或關係代名詞(Relative Pronouns),用來連接主要子句與附屬子句,常見的附屬連接詞如because, since, although, when, after等,常見的關代如that, who which。附屬子句根據句子在句中扮演的角色分為三種:名詞子句、形容詞子句以及副詞子句。
公式:
(附屬子句在前,獨立子句在後)附屬連接詞 + S + V, S + V
(獨立子句在前,附屬子句在後)S + V 附屬連接詞 S + V
範例:
- Since we almost run out of gas, we have to find a gas station as soon as possible.
- The iPhone remains world’s best-selling phone although the price is high.
Compound-complex sentence 複合複雜句
定義:複合複雜句由兩個或以上個獨立子句(複合)以及至少一個從屬子句構成(複雜)。
範例:
- I really want to play the HTC Vive that is just released, but it’s out of my budget.
I really want to play the HTC Vive => 第一個獨立子句
that is just released => 附屬形容詞子句
but it’s out of my budget => 第二個獨立子句
文法:冠詞(Articles)
冠詞分為兩種:
- 定冠詞:the
- 不定冠詞:a, an
冠詞與可數和不可數名詞
可數名詞 | 不可數名詞 | |
---|---|---|
定冠詞(definite article): the | the car, the cars | the time |
不定冠詞(Indefinite articles): a, an | a car, cars; an apple, apples | time |
判斷冠詞的三大原則
- 名詞是單數可數名詞時,用不定冠詞a, an
- 不管是單數還是複數名詞,只要名詞是特指時用the
- 不管是單數還是複數名詞,一般名詞(非特指)不用the
不定冠詞a, an
- 用以表示可數名詞單一的概念:
- I grew up on a dairy farm.
- 用以區分、定義一些事物:
- My brother is a professional basketball player.
- 用以表示其中之一:
- Do you have an eraser I could borrow?
- 可以用a, an表達關於一個群組整體或絕大多數的觀念,他跟複數型態的名詞有同樣的效果,例如:A school should teach students how to learn (= Schools should teach students how to learn),在這邊
A shcool
與Schools
都是表示學校整體的概念。 - 部分抽象名詞可以是可數也可以是不可數名詞,作不可數時通常表示的是比較一般的狀態,不加a, an也無法用作複數型態,作可數時通常表達比較特定的情況,這時可用作複數型態或加上a, an,例如抽象名詞time在表達「時間」的時候為不可數,例:
Time is money
;在表達「一段時光」的時候為可數,例:Have a nice time
。
定冠詞the
- 特指某件事物:
- The panda in the zoo is popular.
- 代指之前提到的某件事:
- A parade was held on New Year’s Day. The event attracted many tourists.
- 與比較級/最高級(more, most)、排名或數量連用:
- Football is the most popular sport in the world.
- 用來表示整體的一部分或是一個團體的裡的一些人:
- I really like this laptop. The backlit keyboard is awesome.
- (身體部位)The ankle is the region where the foot and the leg meet.
- 特指雙方(聽者、說者; 作者、讀者)都知道的某件事物:
- A: Where’s my watch?
- B: It’s on the table.
- 代表一個整體,相對複數名詞表示整體此種用法更為正式:
- The polar bear is threatened by climate change.
- (相對沒那麼正式)Polar bears are threatened by climate change.
- 特指獨一無二的事物,常用在自然界: The sun, the moon
- 在某幾類名詞之前需要加上:
- 海洋:The Pacific Ocean
- 河:The River Thames
- 湖群:The Great Lakes
- 群島:The Canary Islands
- 山脈:The Rocky Mountains
- 沙漠:The Sahara
- 國家名稱中含複數:The United States
- 用方向來表示的區域:The North
- 建築物:The Empire State Building
- 運動隊伍:The Golden State Warriors
- 學校名稱中含of/for:The University of Washington
無冠詞
英文名詞在幾種狀況下不必加冠詞:
- 指整個團體、分類:
- We should spend more money on education.
- Pandas are native to China.
- 表達的事物是一般的狀態,而不是特指某個部分或成員
- Love is everywhere. <=> Where is the love?
- My favorite subject in school is mathematics. <=> The course is about the mathematics that is used in the computer science
- 以下名詞前不需加上定冠詞:
- 城市名:New York
- 州名、省名:Guangzhou
- 國家名(名字裡包含複數型態、united、union或republic of等例外,例:The United Kindom):Germany
- 大陸名:Asia
- 湖(單一):Lake Ontario(例外:The Great Salt lake)
- 方向:I live east of the city.(這裡west表示的是相對於城市的方向)<=> She lives in the west.(這裡west表示的是位於西邊的區域)
- 疾病:Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),但是有一些例外,例:the flu,另外注意如果是一個「症狀或受傷的情況」須加冠詞,例:a stomach ache
- 人名、公司名:Apple、Google,但是當只是一個稱號沒有名字時需要加上定冠詞the,例:the president
- 日期、月份、季節、節慶:January、Christmas、Friday,日期裡面包含of者例外:the first of January.
- 章節、數字、高速公路:Chapter 11、Sun Yat-sen Freeway